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BACKGROUND In Brazil, transmission of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis has expanded geographically over the last decades, with both clinical forms occurring simultaneously in the same area. OBJECTIVES This study characterised the clinical, spatial, and temporal distribution, and performed entomological surveillance and natural infection analysis of a leishmaniasis-endemic area. METHODS In order to characterise the risk of leishmaniasis transmission in Altos, Piauí, we described the clinical and socio-demographic variables and the spatial and temporal distribution of cases of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) and American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) cases and identified potential phlebotomine vectors. FINDINGS The urban area concentrated almost 54% of ACL and 86.8% of AVL cases. The temporal and spatial distribution of AVL and ACL cases in Altos show a reduction in the number of risk areas, but the presence of permanent disease transmission foci is observed especially in the urban area. 3,808 phlebotomine specimens were captured, with Lutzomyia longipalpis as the most frequent species (98.45%). Of the 35 females assessed for natural infection, one specimen of Lu. longipalpis tested positive for the presence of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis DNA. MAIN CONCLUSION Our results indicate the presence of risk areas for ACL and AVL in the municipality of Altos and highlight the importance of entomological surveillance to further understand a possible role of Lu. longipalpis in ACL transmission.
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BACKGROUND The incidence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has increased in the Southern region of Brazil in recent years, especially in the State of Paraná. New species have been suggested with potential to act as vector in VL endemic areas. OBJECTIVES Identify the Leishmania species in sand fly specimens collected from 2016 to 2018 in the municipality of Itaperuçu, Vale do Ribeira, Paraná, Brazil. METHODS Light traps were used for collections and for the analysis of sand fly were used the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology and subsequent sequencing. FINDINGS Among the collected specimens, 88.62% were attributed to the species Nyssomyia neivai, which were grouped into 176 pools. Three positive pools were detected: two with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and one with L. (Leishmania) infantum. The positivity rate for the parasite was 0.25% based on the presence of at least one infected insect in the pool. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The detection of L. infantum in Ny. neivai draws attention due to its abundance and anthropophily in the State of Paraná. Moreover, this finding is considered as an alert and suggests that the vector competence of Ny. neivai and the criteria for its incrimination should be carried out, given its wide distribution in southern of Brazil.
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Contexte & objectif : Les adultes fortement exposés par leurs activités professionnelles dans l'eau douce dans les régions d'endémicité de la schistosomiase, entretiennent la transmission de la maladie. Il est donc nécessaire d'investiguer sur leurs fréquences afin de lutter contre la pérennité de la schistosomiase. Méthodes : Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale, réalisée entre septembre et octobre 2019, chez creuseurs le long de la rivière N'djili. Les Schistoma étaient systématiquement recherchés à la fois dans les échantillons de selles et des urines. Résultats : Au total 224 creuseurs de sables ont été examinés. La fréquence de la Schistosomiase était de 28,6 % (IC : 22,8-35). Les S. mansoni (22,8 %), S. intercalatum (3,1 %) et S. haematobium (2,7 %) ont été détectés. Le revenu financier supérieur ou égal au SMIG (ORa= 1,8 ; IC 95% : 1,0 3,4), était associé à la schistosomiase. Conclusion : Les creuseurs s'exposent et entretiennent la schistosomiase. Parmi les espèces qui les affectent, nous comptons également le S. intercalatum à Kinshasa. Il faut donc une étude complémentaire de comparaison avec les autres catégories professionnelles
Context and objective. Adults who are highly exposed to schistosomiasis through their professional activities in freshwater in regions where the disease is endemic, maintain the transmission of the disease. It is therefore necessary to investigate their frequency in order to combat the perpetuation of schistosomiasis. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study, carried out from September to October 2019, among diggers along the N'djili River. Schistosoma were systematically tested both in the stools and urine. Results. A total of 224 sand diggers were included. The prevalence of Schistosomiasis was 28.6 % (95 % CI: 22.8-35). S. mansoni (22.8 %), S. intercalatum (3.1 %) and S. haematobium (2.7 %) were detected. Financial income greater than or equal to SMIG (ORa= 1.8; 95 % CI: 1.0 - 3.4), was associated with schistosomiasis. Conclusion: Diggers are exposed to and maintain schistosomiasis. S. intercalatum is found among the species that affect the diggers in Kinshasa. Therefore, there is need to carry out a further comparative study with other occupational categories.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , RiversABSTRACT
Beaches are a source of parasite contamination because protozoan cysts and helminth eggs and larvae can remain viable in sandy soils for months. Parasitic infections are mainly related to hygiene conditions, health, and environmental education, and can affect the life quality of the population. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the presence of parasitic structures in five beaches located along the north coast of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Eighty samples were collected in August and September 2020 at the beaches of Torres, Tramandaí, Capão da Canoa, Arroio Teixeira, and Arroio do Sal and processed with the spontaneous sedimentation method for microscopic analyses. The results showed that 32% (26/80) of samples were positive for the presence of parasitic structures, and there was a significantly higher frequency of positive samples in September than in August. Torres was the beach with the highest frequency of positive samples, while Arroio Teixeira and Arroio do Sal presented the lowest frequency of contamination. Nematode larvae, including hookworm larvae, were the most prevalent parasitic structures in the samples. Hence, the sandy soil from beaches must be monitored to develop programs and strategies for improving infrastructures and basic sanitation conditions, thus ensuring the health of the population.
Subject(s)
Parasitic Diseases , Bathing Beaches , Sandy Soils , Environmental Pollution , HelminthsABSTRACT
RESUMEN Introducción: En este estudio, se examinó la idoneidad de seleccionar atletas élite desde una edad temprana. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio consistió en verificar si el comportamiento identificado en investigaciones antecedentes también ocurre entre los mejores atletas mundiales de todos los tiempos que compiten en la carrera de 100 metros. Materiales y métodos: Para ello, y con base en un análisis de las clasificaciones oficiales de todos los tiempos masculinos y femeninos de la Asociación Internacional de Federaciones de atletismo en la referida prueba, se utilizó muestras en categoría absoluta (Top-1,000 hasta el 31/12/2018) y categoría sub-20 (Top-100 hasta el 31/12/2003); se aplicaron leyes de potencia y otras estrategias típicas de los sistemas complejos para analizar los datos. Resultados: los resultados muestran cómo, con demasiada frecuencia, los mejores corredores masculinos y femeninos del mundo en la categoría sub-20 no evolucionan positivamente durante el resto de su carrera deportiva mejorando sus registros en las categorías superiores. Solo 51 hombres de los 100 mejores corredores sub-20 de todos los tiempos, lograron mejorar sus registros una vez que alcanzaron la categoría sénior, y las mejoras no presentaron siempre progresiones estadísticamente significativas. En consecuencia, una inversión excesiva en recursos humanos y materiales para identificar individuos con altas capacidades atléticas, no es siempre la mejor estrategia. Conclusiones: el deporte de nivel a edades tempranas puede ser un error metodológico que debe evitarse a la hora de construir las reservas deportivas de un país o federación deportiva.
RESUMO Introdução: Neste estudo, examinou-se a adequação da seleção de atletas de elite desde tenra idade. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o comportamento identificado em pesquisas anteriores também ocorre entre os melhores atletas do mundo de todos os tempos que competem na prova de 100 metros. Materiais e métodos: Para isso, e com base na análise das classificações oficiais de todos os tempos para homens e mulheres da Associação Internacional de Federações de Atletismo na prova supracitada, foram utilizadas amostras em categoria absoluta (Top-1.000 até 31/12 /2018) e sub-20 (Top-100 até 31/12/2003); Leis de potência e outras estratégias típicas de sistemas complexos foram aplicadas para analisar os dados. Resultados: Os resultados mostram como, muitas vezes, os melhores corredores masculinos e femininos do mundo na categoria sub-20 não evoluem positivamente durante o resto de sua carreira esportiva, melhorando seus registros nas categorias superiores. Apenas 51 homens dos 100 melhores corredores sub-20 de todos os tempos conseguiram melhorar seus tempos quando chegaram à categoria sênior, e as melhorias nem sempre mostraram progressões estatisticamente significativas. Consequentemente, um investimento excessivo em recursos humanos e materiais para identificar indivíduos com altas habilidades atléticas nem sempre é a melhor estratégia. Conclusões: o esporte de nível em idade precoce pode ser um erro metodológico que deve ser evitado na construção das reservas esportivas de um país ou federação esportiva.
ABSTRACT Introduction: In this study, the suitability of selecting elite athletes from an early age was examined. Objective: The objective of this study was to verify if the behavior identified in previous research also occurs among the world's best athletes of all time who compete in the 100-meter race. Materials and methods: For this, and based on an analysis of the official classifications of all times for men and women of the International Association of Athletics Federations in the referred test, samples were used in absolute category (Top-1,000 up to the 12/31/2018) and sub -20 category (Top - 100 until 12/31/2003); power laws and other strategies typical of complex systems will be applied to analyze the data. Results: The results show how, all too often, the best male and female runners in the world in the under-20 category do not evolve positively during the rest of their sports career. improving their records in the higher categories. Only 51 men out of the top 100 U-20 runners of all time managed to improve their times once they reached the senior category, and the improvements did not always show statistically significant progressions. Consequently, an excessive investment in human and material resources to identify individuals with high athletic abilities is not always the best strategy. Conclusions: level sport at an early age can be a methodological error that should be avoided when building the sports reserves of a country or sports federation.
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Neurada procumbens L. commonly called as sand button, is used as a medicinal herb by Bedouin in the Arabia Peninsula for heart and respiratory functions. This little known plant has not been investigated in detail for its biological activities. Hence, we have made an attempt to investigate the plant for its anticancer activities. Methanol and chloroform extracts of N.procumbens were evaluated for antiproliferative and anticancer activities in HEp-2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Humanforeskin epithelial cells showed an IC50 value of 34 ?g and 149 ?g for chloroform and methanol extracts, respectively. Thechloroform extract of N. procumbens @3 ?g showed 50% reduction of HEp-2 cell population in 24 h, while 5.5 ?g showedsimilar effects in MCF-7 cells. The results of the methanol extracts were little varied, where 49 ?g showed slow inhibitionof HEp-2 cells over a period of 72 h. In another similar observation, 76 ?g of methanol extract inhibited 50% MCF-7 cellproliferation. The concentrations which could inhibit complete turnover of the experimental cancer cell lines at 24 h were>5 ?g and 6 ?g of chloroform extract and > 60 ?g and 80 ?g of methanol extract for HEp-2 and MCF-7, respectively. Themicro therapeutic index of methanol extract in HEp-2 and MCF-7 were 3 and 1.9, while chloroform extract was 11.3 and6.1. This is an initial observation of N. procumbens that shows antiproliferative activities against cancer cell lines.
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ntrodução: As enteroparasitoses são causadas por protozoários e helmintos e representam um importante proble-ma de saúde pública. As crianças em idade pré-escolar e escolar apresentam maior vulnerabilidade à contaminação por enteroparasitas pelo fato de estarem mais expostas a fatores de risco, tais como hábitos precários de higiene e aglomeração em locais fechados, e por não apresentarem o sistema imunológico totalmente desenvolvido. Os para-sitas mais comumente encontrados nessa faixa etária compreendem Giardia lamblia, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura e ancilostomídeos. Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência de enteroparasitos em crianças pré-escolares e escola-res e em caixas de areia de instituições públicas de ensino no município de Sinop-MT. Métodos: O estudo realizado foi transversal, quantitativo com delineamento experimental. Foi realizado no período de julho de 2015 a setembro de 2016. Foram avaliadas crianças pré-escolares e escolares de 3 a 12 anos escolhidas por amostragem de conveniência de quatro instituições da rede municipal de ensino localizadas na região central de Sinop MT e sete afastadas do centro da cidade e que atendem novos bairros e a zona rural. As amostras de fezes foram coletadas pelos responsá-veis das crianças que encaminharam para as instituições de ensino e, posteriormente, foram transportadas ao labo-ratório para realização do exame parasitológico. As amostras de areia foram coletadas a partir de caixas das áreas de recreações de todas as instituições de ensino, sendo coletada 100 gramas de areia da raspagem superficial e pro-funda dos quatro quadrantes e do centro, totalizando 10 amostras/caixa. Os métodos parasitológicos utilizados para análises das amostras de fezes e areia foram Hoffmann, migração ativa, centrífugo-flutuação espontânea por Faust e flutuação espontânea por Willis. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 646 amostras de fezes de crianças pré-escolares e escolares de 3 a 12 anos, apresentando 21,05% de positividade para parasitos intestinais. Giardia lamblia apresentou maior prevalência, seguida de Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana,Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, Hy-menolepis nana, ancilostomídeo e Entamoeba hartmanni. As 80 amostras de areia das caixas das áreas de recreação infantil avaliadas, apresentaram 100% de positividade para G. lamblia, seguida de 66,66% para Toxocara sp. nas areias das áreas centrais e 100% nas periféricas, 66,66% para Toxoplasma gondii nas centrais e 80% nas periféricas, 33,33% para A. lumbricoides nas centrais e 60% nas periféricas e 33,33% de Strongyloides stercoralis somente nas areias das áreas centrais. Conclusão: A faixa etária mais acometida foi verificada entre as crianças de 6 a 12 anos e pode estar relacionada aos precários hábitos de higiene e assim, maior risco de contaminação. Pode-se concluir que os resultados estão de acordo com a maioria dos estudos epidemiológicos realizados no Brasil, demonstrando elevada prevalência de enteroparasitoses em crianças em idade escolar (AU)
Introduction: Protozoa and helminths cause enteroparasitoses, which constitute an important public health issue. Preschoolers and school children, who do not have a fully developed immune system, are more vulnerable to con-tamination by intestinal parasites because they are more exposed to risk factors, such as poor hygiene habits and crowding in closed places. The most common parasites affecting this age group include Giardia lamblia, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworms. Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasites in preschoolers, school children, and sandboxes of government schools in the city of Sinop state of Mato Gros-so (MT). Methods: This cross-sectional, quantitative study with an experimental design was carried out from July 2015 to September 2016 and included preschoolers and school children aged 3 to 12 years, chosen by convenience sampling from government schools in the school district of the city of Sinop MT; four schools were in the central region of Sinop, whereas seven schools, attended by children living in the suburban and rural areas, were far from the city center. Fecal samples were collected by the children's family and sent to the schools, from where they were transported to the laboratory for parasitological examination. Sand samples were collected from sandboxes in the play areas of the schools. More specifically,100 g of sand was collected by scraping one of the four quadrants or the center of the sandbox surface or deeper into the sandbox, totaling 10 samples/box. The parasitological methods spontaneous sedimentation described by Hoffmann, active migration described by Rugai, centrifugal-spontaneous flotation described by Faust, and spontaneous flotation described by Willis were used to analyze the fecal and sand samples. Results: A total of 646 fecal samples obtained from preschoolers and school children aged 3 to 12 years were evaluated; 21.05% of the samples tested positive for intestinal parasites. As for the sand samples, 100% tested positive for intestinal parasites. In all the fecal and sand samples that tested positive for intestinal parasites, G. lamblia predominated, followed by Toxacara sp, Toxoplasma gondii, A. lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, Hymenolepis nana, Strongyloides stercoralis, hookworm, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, and Entamoeba hart-manni, commensal amoebae of the large intestine, were also identified. Conclusion: Children aged 6 to 12 years were the most affected by enteroparasitoses. This may be related to poor hygiene habits, which puts these children at greater risk of contamination. The results agree with most epidemiological studies conducted in Brazil and show a high prevalence of enteroparasitoses in children (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Parasites/pathogenicity , Health Profile , Ancylostomatoidea , Child, Preschool , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Ascaris lumbricoides , ColiformsABSTRACT
American tegumentary leishmaniasis is an endemic that has increased considerably in recent decades in the Amazon region, sand flies are the vectors of the transmission of the protozoan that causes leishmaniasis, so the objective of this study was to carry out a survey of the diversity of species and the presence of Leishmania DNA in vectors circulating in three endemic counties for tegumentary leishmaniasis in the eastern Brazilian Amazon (Amapá state, Brazil). Using CDC light traps, a total of 10,773 specimens were collected between February 2019 and February 2020, representing 64 species in 15 genera. The vector specie Nyssomyia umbratilis Ward and Frahia, 1977 was the predominant species (13.20% of the total), being collected in all three counties, followed by Trichopygomyia trichopyga Floch & Abonnenc, 1945 (11.41%), Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis Mangabeira,1942 (9.47%) and Nyssomyia anduzei Rozeboom, 1942 (7.61%). For the identification of Leishmania DNA, 775 pools of unengorged females were used, of which 5 tested positive, 2 of Nyssomya umbratilis Ward & Fraiha,1977, 1 of Nyssomyia anduzei and 2 of Psychodopygus davisi Root,1934, demonstrating a natural total infection rate of 0.64%. This study increases the knowledge of vector diversity, as well as identifying Leishmania spp. in circulation in the eastern region of the Amazon.
A leishmaniose tegumentar americana é uma endemia que aumentou consideravelmente nas últimas décadas na região amazônica, os flebotomíneos são os vetores da transmissão do protozoário causador da leishmaniose, portanto o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento da diversidade de espécies e a presença de DNA de Leishmania em vetores que circulam em três municípios endêmicos de leishmaniose tegumentar na Amazônia oriental brasileira (Amapá, Brasil). Usando armadilhas luminosas do tipo CDC, um total de 10.773 espécimes foram coletados entre fevereiro de 2019 e fevereiro de 2020, representando 64 espécies em 15 gêneros. As espécie vetoras - singular Nyssomyia umbratilis Ward e Frahia 1977 foram as espécies predominantes (13,20% do total), sendo coletadas nos três municípios, seguido por Trichopygomyia trichopyga Floch & Abonnenc, 1945 (11,41%), Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis Mangabeira, 1942 (9,47%) e Nyssomyia anduzei Rozeboom, 1942 (7,61%). Para a identificação do DNA de Leishmania, foram utilizados 775 pools de fêmeas não ingurgitadas, dos quais 5 foram positivos, 2 de Nyssomya umbratilis Ward & Fraiha, 1977, 1 de Nyssomyia anduzei e 2 de Psychodopygus davisi Root, 1934, demonstrando uma taxa de infecção total de 0,64%. Este estudo aumenta o conhecimento da diversidade de vetores, bem como a identificação das espécies de Leishmania spp. em circulação na região oriental da Amazônia.
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Objective: To identity the variation of sand flies in the Gampaha and Kurunegala districts of Sri Lanka and to assess DNA barcoding as a complementing method for morphological identification. Methods: A total of 38 441 sand flies were collected from selected localities in Gampaha and Kurunegala districts using standard entomological techniques from May 2017 to December 2018. Specimens were identified using morphological features and compared with mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I gene- based DNA barcoding as an alternative tool. Results: Morphological and molecular identification confirmed the presence of four species under two genera (Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia). Phlebotomus argentipes was the predominant species, followed by Sergentomyia (S.) punjabensis, S. babu insularis, and an unidentified Sergentomyia sp. Phlebotomus argentipes showed a clear genetic differentiation from other species. S. babu insularis and S. punjabensis showed a higher genetic affinity to each other than the unidentified species. The unidentified Sergentomyia species is morphologically similar to S. zeylanica, but differs only in clavate gonostyle. Conclusions: DNA barcoding is an effective technique for the identification of sand flies. Further studies using molecular techniques will improve the knowledge of the cryptic diversity of Sri Lankan sand fly fauna. Establishing a reliable and standardized identification system for sand fly species in Sri Lanka is recommended.
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Aims@#Penicillium and Talaromyces were among the species of microfungi that inhabit beach sand in Batu Ferringhi Beach, Penang Island, Malaysia. Previously, Talaromyces was described as the sexual stage of Penicillium, but both are now accepted as separate genera based on molecular phylogeny. The aim of the present study was to identify species of Penicillium and Talaromyces that are present in beach sand in Malaysia.@*Methodology and results@#Species identities were confirmed according to similarities of the internal transcribed spacer regions and β-tubulin gene sequences and a phylogenetic analysis based on both regions/gene. Nine Penicillium spp. were identified as P. georgiense, P. chermesinum, P. pimiteouiense, P. citrinum, P. oxalicum, P. daleae, P. rolfsii and Penicillium sp. and the four Talaromyces spp. were T. siamense, T. atroroseus, T. minioluteus and T. fusiformis.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#These findings showed that beach sand harboured a variety of Penicillium and Talaromyces species. The occurrence of Penicillium and Talaromyces in beach sands is associated with the organic matter in the sand, which provides suitable substrates and nutrient sources. Due to this, beach sand might harbour many potentially pathogenic or opportunistic species that may pose a health concern to immunocompromised individuals.
Subject(s)
Penicillium , Talaromyces , SandABSTRACT
Malakand region is an endemic area for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). However, there are limited number of studies of this disease in Pakistan. Therefore, a study was conducted to understand the level of awareness attitude and practice among the residents of Makaland towards CL and the disease vectors. This study adopted a cross-sectional approach with a total of 400 respondents (n=93 rural and n= 307 urban). Overall, the population in Malakand region (61.2%) were well-informed in the role of sand fly in transmitting diseases, but most lack knowledge on the vector's behavior and almost a quarter (24.5%) were unable to provide knowledge on proper control measures. Alarmingly, the practice and attitudes of the general population was not satisfactory as close to half (49.8%) of the population did adopt any control method. This study calls for increase in awareness through health education campaign to reduce the risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis outbreaks in the future.
A região de Malakand é uma área endêmica para leishmaniose cutânea (CL). No entanto, há um número limitado de estudos sobre esta doença no Paquistão. Portanto, foi realizado um estudo para entender o nível de atitude e prática de conscientização entre os residentes de Makaland em relação aos CL e os vetores da doença. Este estudo adotou uma abordagem transversal com um total de 400 entrevistados (n = 93 rural e n = 307 urbano). No geral, a população da região de Malakand (61,2%) estava bem informada sobre o papel da mosca na transmissão de doenças, mas a maioria não possui conhecimento sobre o comportamento do vetor e quase um quarto (24,5%) foi incapaz de fornecer conhecimento sobre medidas de controle adequadas . De maneira alarmante, a prática e as atitudes da população em geral não foram satisfatórias, pois cerca da metade (49,8%) da população adotou algum método de controle. Este estudo apela ao aumento da conscientização por meio de campanhas de educação em saúde para reduzir o risco de surtos de leishmaniose cutânea no futuro.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Psychodidae , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/epidemiology , Pakistan/epidemiology , Rural Population , Urban Population , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
ABSTRACT From October 1994 to September 1996, in the municipality of Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro State, phlebotomines were captured on the walls of the houses by means of a manual suction tube and light traps, in the household, the peridomicile and in the forest. As it is an area undergoing a real expansion and an increment in the local tourism, with the purpose of assessing changes in the phlebotomine fauna caused by environmental changes in the region, new captures were made in the same location from October 2015 to September 2016, this time using only light traps. In the two phases of the study, a total of 6,681 phlebotomines were captured. The results indicated that Ny. intermedia and Mg. migonei are fully adapted to this anthropic environment, while Pi. fischeri was more abundant and eclectic, and was probably attracted to exercise hematophagy. Nyssomyia intermedia can be suggested as the main vector of the etiological agent of the American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in the studied areas. Pintomyia fischeri can also transmit Leishmania braziliensis, both in the environment altered by human action, and in the wild environment. Phlebotomines were captured in greater numbers between 6 and 8 pm in the peridomicile and between 9 and 11 pm in the household. The highest densities of phlebotomines were recorded in December, January and February. Despite almost 20 years between the two studies in the municipality of Mangaratiba, there was no change in the profile of the phlebotomine fauna in general; however, there was a greater density of species of medical importance in areas that suffered environmental impacts.
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Malakand region is an endemic area for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). However, there are limited number of studies of this disease in Pakistan. Therefore, a study was conducted to understand the level of awareness attitude and practice among the residents of Makaland towards CL and the disease vectors. This study adopted a cross-sectional approach with a total of 400 respondents (n=93 rural and n= 307 urban). Overall, the population in Malakand region (61.2%) were well-informed in the role of sand fly in transmitting diseases, but most lack knowledge on the vector's behavior and almost a quarter (24.5%) were unable to provide knowledge on proper control measures. Alarmingly, the practice and attitudes of the general population was not satisfactory as close to half (49.8%) of the population did adopt any control method. This study calls for increase in awareness through health education campaign to reduce the risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis outbreaks in the future.
A região de Malakand é uma área endêmica para leishmaniose cutânea (CL). No entanto, há um número limitado de estudos sobre esta doença no Paquistão. Portanto, foi realizado um estudo para entender o nível de atitude e prática de conscientização entre os residentes de Makaland em relação aos CL e os vetores da doença. Este estudo adotou uma abordagem transversal com um total de 400 entrevistados (n = 93 rural e n = 307 urbano). No geral, a população da região de Malakand (61,2%) estava bem informada sobre o papel da mosca na transmissão de doenças, mas a maioria não possui conhecimento sobre o comportamento do vetor e quase um quarto (24,5%) foi incapaz de fornecer conhecimento sobre medidas de controle adequadas . De maneira alarmante, a prática e as atitudes da população em geral não foram satisfatórias, pois cerca da metade (49,8%) da população adotou algum método de controle. Este estudo apela ao aumento da conscientização por meio de campanhas de educação em saúde para reduzir o risco de surtos de leishmaniose cutânea no futuro.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Mosquito Control/standards , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/prevention & control , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/transmission , Mosquito Vectors/parasitology , Psychodidae/parasitology , Neglected Diseases/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Abstract Malakand region is an endemic area for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). However, there are limited number of studies of this disease in Pakistan. Therefore, a study was conducted to understand the level of awareness attitude and practice among the residents of Makaland towards CL and the disease vectors. This study adopted a cross-sectional approach with a total of 400 respondents (n=93 rural and n= 307 urban). Overall, the population in Malakand region (61.2%) were well-informed in the role of sand fly in transmitting diseases, but most lack knowledge on the vectors behavior and almost a quarter (24.5%) were unable to provide knowledge on proper control measures. Alarmingly, the practice and attitudes of the general population was not satisfactory as close to half (49.8%) of the population did adopt any control method. This study calls for increase in awareness through health education campaign to reduce the risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis outbreaks in the future.
Resumo A região de Malakand é uma área endêmica para leishmaniose cutânea (CL). No entanto, há um número limitado de estudos sobre esta doença no Paquistão. Portanto, foi realizado um estudo para entender o nível de atitude e prática de conscientização entre os residentes de Makaland em relação aos CL e os vetores da doença. Este estudo adotou uma abordagem transversal com um total de 400 entrevistados (n = 93 rural e n = 307 urbano). No geral, a população da região de Malakand (61,2%) estava bem informada sobre o papel da mosca na transmissão de doenças, mas a maioria não possui conhecimento sobre o comportamento do vetor e quase um quarto (24,5%) foi incapaz de fornecer conhecimento sobre medidas de controle adequadas . De maneira alarmante, a prática e as atitudes da população em geral não foram satisfatórias, pois cerca da metade (49,8%) da população adotou algum método de controle. Este estudo apela ao aumento da conscientização por meio de campanhas de educação em saúde para reduzir o risco de surtos de leishmaniose cutânea no futuro.
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Objective To study the characteristics of noise hazards in automobile sand casting industry and understand the impact of noise on the health of automobile foundry workers, and to provide scientific data support for the control of noise hazards. Methods An automobile sand casting enterprise was selected as the research object. The post noise intensity test results from 2010 to 2019, the noise spectrum test results of each post in 2019, and the prevalence of occupational noise deafness in the 10 years from 2010 to 2019 were analyzed and sorted out. Using chi-square test and t-test the noise hazard characteristics and noise intensity changes were statistically analyzed. Results 1. The noise LEX.8h exceeding standard rate of foundry enterprises in the 10 years from 2010 to 2019 was not statistically significant（χ2=6.76, P=0.66), and the mean value of noise LEX.8h fluctuated horizontally in the 10 years, which was basically stable between 80 - 90 dB (A). 2. The mean value of noise intensity of sand falling, sand preparation, cleaning and shot blasting in the first five years was significantly different compared to that in the last five years. There was no statistically significant difference in other posts. 3. Among all posts in the foundry sand casting industry, the noise spectrum of core-making and cleaning posts was mainly medium and high frequency, while the noise spectrum of other posts was mainly medium and low frequency. 4, Cases of occupational noise deafness were mainly concentrated in cleaning and polishing workers, melting chemical workers, inspectors and other types of workers. Conclusions The noise hazards in the automobile foundry sand casting industry are mainly concentrated on the posts of molding, and sand falling, and the noise intensity and the over standard rate remain high in the past 10 years. The noise of each post is mainly medium and low frequency, and the noise of a few individual posts is mainly medium and high frequency. In recent years, due to the automatic renewal of equipment, the noise intensity of some posts such as sand dropping, sand mixing, cleaning and shot blasting has decreased, but the overall noise exceeding standard rate has basically not changed, and the noise hazard is still serious. The noise hazard of foundry sand casting enterprises is difficult to be controlled, and the risk of hearing loss of foundry workers is still high.
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A doença gastrintestinal relacionada à areia, também conhecida como enteropatia arenosa, é uma enfermidade gastrintestinal comum nos equinos mantidos a campo em regiões com solo arenoso frouxo resultando em sinais clínicos variáveis incluindo dor abdominal aguda, perda de peso, diarréia intermitente e baixa performance. Este artigo tem por objetivo relatar três casos de diarreia crônica em equinos associada à enteropatia arenosa. Três equinos da raça Quarto de Milha, dois garanhões e uma égua, com idades variando de 3 a oito anos, e peso médio de 433,33 + 41,66 kg foram examinados para diagnóstico de diarreia crônica. Nenhum dos animais apresentou sinais clínicos de dor abdominal aguda ou cólica recorrente que necessitasse de atendimento emergencial nesse período. Os animais foram manejados clinicamente por meio da utilização de Psyllium em pó na dose de 1g/kg de peso vivo por via oral a cada 24 horas durante 21 dias, além do fornecimento de 8 gramas de probiótico comercial. O tratamento foi eficaz na resolução do quadro clínico dos três animais.
Sand related gastrointestinal disease, also known as sandy enteropathy, is a common gastrointestinal disease in horses kept in regions with loose sandy soil resulting in variable clinical signs including acute abdominal pain, weight loss, intermittent diarrhea and poor performance. This article aims to report three cases of chronic diarrhea in horses associated with sandy enteropathy. Three Quarter Horses, two stallions and one mare, with ages ranging from 3 to eight years, and a mean weight of 433.33 ± 41.66 kg were examined for diagnosis of chronic diarrhea. None of the animals showed clinical signs of acute abdominal pain or recurrent colic that required emergency care during this period. The animals were clinically managed using Psyllium powder at a dose of 1g/kg bodyweight orally every 24 hours for 21 days, in addition to providing 8 grams of commercial probiotic. The treatment was effective in resolving the clinical status of the three animals.
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Animals , Diarrhea/veterinary , Horse Diseases , Gastrointestinal Tract/pathology , Horses , Intestinal Diseases/veterinaryABSTRACT
Introduction: Scutelliforms were diverse and widespread in shallow marine environments during Neogene times in South America. Nevertheless, they have almost never been used as biostratigraphic tools. Objective: To provide a refined stratigraphic frame useful for calibrating temporal dimensions of scutelliform diversity from Argentina and Uruguay and its correlation with the molluscan assemblages previously proposed. Methods: A detailed survey of their geographic and stratigraphic provenance was carried out. We revised both the bibliography and collections (institutional and from our own field work). Results: The group is represented by 14 species belonging to six genera, and four assemblages were identified. Numerical dates of the Neogene marine rocks obtained recently allowed their placement in a chronological scheme: "Iheringiella" sp. A is restricted to the late Oligocene, the genera Camachoaster and "Eoscutella" and the species Monophoraster telfordi to the early Miocene, Abertella gualichensis and Abertella miskellyi to the middle Miocene, and Monophoraster duboisi, Amplaster coloniensis and Amplaster ellipticus to the late Miocene. Non-lunulate scutelliforms are not restricted to the late Oligocene as previously supposed. The oldest occurrence of the genus Monophoraster corresponds to the early Miocene, and along with Iheringiella are long-living taxa that embrace the 25.3 Ma-18.1 Ma (Iheringiella patagonensis) and approximately 15 Ma-6.48 Ma (Monophoraster darwini) intervals. The presence of Iheringiella in the early Miocene of northeastern Patagonia is corroborated, reaching there its northernmost distribution. Monophoraster darwini has a temporal range from the late Miocene (where it was previously thought to be restricted) back to the middle Miocene, since this is the species yielded in the well-known and discussed "Monophoraster and Venericor Beds". Conclusions: The Paleogene-Neogene scutelliforms of Argentina and Uruguay range from the late Oligocene to the late Miocene. There is a good correspondence among the numerical ages, molluscan biozones and scutelliform assemblages.
Introducción: Realizamos una síntesis actualizada de la composición taxonómica de las asociaciones de escutélidos del Oligoceno tardío-Mioceno tardío de Argentina y Uruguay. Objetivo: Ubicar los escutélidos en un marco estratigráfico refinado, a los efectos de observar su diversidad a lo largo del tiempo y la correlación de sus ensambles con los ya conocidos de moluscos. Métodos: Revisamos en detalle la procedencia geográfica y estratigráfica de los ejemplares y su asignación taxonómica, basándonos tanto en la bibliografía como en colecciones institucionales y producto de nuestras campañas de colecta. Resultados: El grupo está representado por 14 especies agrupadas en seis géneros, siendo identificadas en cuatro ensambles. Las edades numéricas recientemente obtenidas permitieron su ubicación en un esquema cronológico: "Iheringiella" sp. A se restringe al Oligoceno tardío, Camachoaster y "Eoscutella", y Monophoraster telfordi al Mioceno temprano, Abertella gualichensis y Abertella miskellyi al Mioceno medio, y Monophoraster duboisi, Amplaster coloniensis y Amplaster ellipticus al Mioceno tardío. Los escutélidos sin lúnula no están restringidos al Oligoceno tardío como se suponía. Monophoraster aparece en el Mioceno temprano y junto con Iheringiella abarcan largos períodos de tiempo, encontrándoselos entre los 25.3 Ma-18.1 Ma (Iheringiella patagonensis) y aproximadamente los 15 Ma-6.48 Ma (Monophoraster darwini). Se corrobora la presencia de Iheringiella en el Mioceno temprano del noreste de Patagonia, donde alcanza su punto más septentrional. Monophoraster darwini se encuentra desde el Mioceno medio hasta el Mioceno tardío (lapso para el cual previamente se consideraba restringido), ya que se trata de la especie presente en los bien conocidos "estratos con Monophoraster y Venericor". Conclusiones: Los escutélidos del Paleógeno-Neógeno de Argentina y Uruguay se encuentran desde el Oligoceno tardío hasta el Mioceno tardío. Hay una buena correspondencia entre las edades numéricas, las biozonas de moluscos y los ensambles de escutélidos.
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Introduction: Cassiduloids play a prominent role in echinoid evolutionary history because they probably are the ancestral group of clypeasteroids. Some extant species are brooding and rare in the environment. Consequently, there are no studies on their maintenance in the laboratory. Objective: Establish an efficient aquarium system for C. mitis, endemic to Brazil, for ontogenetic studies. Methods: Four aquarium systems were built, with 3 replicates each one: (1) with seawater flow [F]; (2) with seawater flow and air injection into sediment [FA]; (3) without seawater flow but with air injection into the sediment [A]; and (4) without both seawater flow and air injection into the sediment [C]. Each experimental aquarium (three per treatment) had two adults. Each of the two sets of experiments lasted about 60 days. Results: We observed low mortality in the first 30 days in all systems and, after 30 days, it was higher in those with air-pumped into the sediment (system A in the first set of experiments, and system FA in the second one). Conclusions: For experiments lasting 30 days, our four systems are suitable. For longer periods, we recommend aquaria with seawater flow and without air-pumps into the sediment.
Introducción: Los casiduloides desempeñan un papel destacado en la historia evolutiva de los equinoides porque probablemente son el grupo ancestral de clipeasteroides. Algunas especies existentes son inquietantes y raras en el medio ambiente. En consecuencia, no existen estudios sobre su mantenimiento en laboratorio. Objetivo: Establecer un sistema de acuario eficiente para C. mitis, endémica de Brasil, para estudios ontogenéticos. Métodos: Se construyeron cuatro sistemas de acuarios, con 3 réplicas cada uno: (1) con flujo de agua de mar [F]; (2) con flujo de agua de mar e inyección de aire en el sedimento [FA]; (3) sin flujo de agua de mar pero con inyección de aire en el sedimento [A]; y (4) sin flujo de agua de mar ni inyección de aire en el sedimento [C]. Cada acuario experimental (tres por tratamiento) tenía dos adultos. Cada uno de los dos conjuntos de experimentos duró aproximadamente 60 días. Resultados: Observamos una baja mortalidad en los primeros 30 días en todos los sistemas y, después de 30 días, fue mayor en aquellos con aire bombeado al sedimento (sistema A en el primer conjunto de experimentos y sistema FA en el segundo). Conclusiones: Para experimentos de 30 días, nuestros cuatro sistemas son adecuados. Para períodos más largos, recomendamos acuarios con flujo de agua de mar y sin bombas de aire en el sedimento.
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Introducción: Clypeaster europacificus es una especie de galleta de mar que se distribuye de 0 a 200 m en el Golfo de California. Objetivo: Describir la morfología y el crecimiento relativo en la testa de C. europacificus. Métodos: Medimos 1 846 especímenes de museo de C. europacificus (N = 1 846) y analizamos el patrón de crecimiento en 32 especímenes de Baja California Sur, México (64 m de profundidad). Estudiamos cinco variables: radio mayor (R) (variable independiente), radio menor (r), longitud del pétalo anterior (LP), área total de prueba (A) y peso seco (P). Resultados: El área de cobertura del petaloide y el contorno de la testa son los caracteres taxonómicos importantes para C. europacificus: los especímenes van desde casi redondos en especímenes pequeños (≤ 3 cm de radio) a ondulados, enfatizando un contorno pentagonal, en organismos más grandes (≥ 3,1 cm de radio). Conclusiones: Existe un crecimiento alométrico negativo en las relaciones R vs. r, R vs. A y R vs. P; mientras que la relación R vs. LP tiene un crecimiento alométrico positivo.
Introduction: Clypeaster europacificus is a species of sand dollar found from 0 to 200 m in the Gulf of California. Objective: Describe the morphology and relative growth in the test of C. europacificus. Methods: We measured 1 846 museum specimens of C. europacificus (N = 1 846) and analyzed growth pattern in 32 specimens from Baja California Sur, Mexico (64 m depth). We studied five variables: major radius (R) (independent variable), minor radius (r), length of anterior petal (LP), total test area (A) and dry weight (P). Results: The petaloid cover area and the outline of the test are the important taxonomic characters for C. europacificus: they range from almost round in small specimens (≤ 3 cm in radius) to wavy, emphasizing a pentagonal outline, in larger organisms (≥ 3.1 cm in radius). Conclusions: There is negative allometric growth in the relationships R vs. r, R vs. A, and R vs. P; while the relationship R vs. LP has positive allometric growth.
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Abstract Dogs are the main urban reservoir of Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), which is transmitted by sand flies. In the state of Paraná, the first detection of a positive dog for VL was in 2014, this year Paraná lost free status for this disease (VL). The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Palotina, the occurrence of vectors that may transmit Leishmania infantum, and the number of notifications of human visceral leishmaniasis cases from period 2010 to 2020. To determine the occurrence of canine visceral leishmaniasis, blood samples from 204 dogs were analyzed using the rapid test DPP® to detect anti-L. infantum antibodies. To investigate the occurrence of potential vectors, monthly collections were made at 18 points within the urban area of the municipality. The number of human visceral leishmaniasis cases was investigated from Epidemiological Surveillance records. None of the serologically tested dogs showed positive titration. Only two specimens of Lutzomyia neivai, one of Lutzomyia sp. and four of Brumptomyia brumpti specimens were collected. No human visceral leishmaniasis cases were reported. These results suggest that there is no evidence of circulation of L. infantum in Palotina.
Resumo Os cães são os principais reservatórios urbanos da Leishmania infantum, agente causador da leishmaniose visceral (VL), transmitida por vetores conhecidos como flebotomíneos. No Paraná, a primeira detecção de casos positivos caninos ocorreu em 2014, ano em que o Paraná perdeu o status de estado indene. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência da leishmaniose visceral canina no município de Palotina, a ocorrência de vetores que possam transmitir Leishmania infantum e o número de notificação de casos de leishmaniose visceral humana, no período de 2010 a 2020. Para determinar a ocorrência da leishmaniose visceral canina, amostras de sangue de 204 cães foram analisadas, utilizando-se o teste rápido (DPP®) para detectar anticorpos anti-L. infantum. Com o objetivo de investigar a ocorrência de potenciais vetores, coletas foram realizadas mensalmente em 18 pontos na área urbana do município. O número de casos de leishmaniose visceral humana foi investigado a partir de registros da Vigilância Epidemiológica. Nenhum cão testado foi positivo no teste sorológico. Apenas dois espécimes de Lutzomyia neivai, uma de Lutzomyia sp. e quatro de Brumptomyia brumpti foram coletados. Nenhum caso de leishmaniose visceral humana foi notificado. Esses resultados sugerem que não há evidência da circulação de L. infantum em Palotina.